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Nigeria’s food inflation and malnutrition crisis are symptoms of deep-seated problems that require immediate and coordinated solutions, writes CHETA NWANZE
A clear and alarming picture is emerging of Nigeria’s escalating food inflation and its devastating impact on child malnutrition. The crisis is not an abstract economic problem; a Premium Times report published on 10 August shows that this is a tangible, life-threatening emergency, vividly illustrated in communities like Awe in Nasarawa State. According to Premium Times, the local government’s nutrition coordinator, Salamatu Madaki, has reported a sharp increase in cases of severe acute malnutrition, with figures rising from 64 to 86 between December 2024 and May 2025. This disturbing trend, mirroring a national catastrophe, highlights a country where spiralling food costs are pushing its most vulnerable citizens to the brink.
When viewed through a global lens, Nigeria’s plight is among the most severe outside of war-torn and hyperinflationary countries. This is more than just a matter of economics; it’s a humanitarian emergency that threatens to cast a long shadow over the future of millions of Nigerian children.
The most recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) shows that Nigeria’s food inflation, while having eased, remains a grave concern. The year-on-year food inflation rate for June 2025 stood at 21.97%, a significant drop from the peak of over 40% recorded in May 2024. However, this figure is still exceptionally high, especially when compared to a global average of 4.3% reported in the IMF’s April 2025 World Economic Outlook. Nigeria’s rate is still considerably higher than that of its economic peers, such as Ghana’s 17.2% and Kenya’s 3.8%. Even with the moderation, the inflation rate signals an economy under immense pressure.
The tangible impact of this inflation is powerfully captured by the SBM Intelligence Jollof Index. According to its June 2025 report, the national average cost of preparing a single pot of Jollof rice, a staple for countless Nigerian families, has surged by an astonishing 153% since March 2023. The cost has risen from approximately ₦10,864 to over ₦27,527. This dramatic increase means a traditional celebratory meal has become a luxury, consuming a significant portion — up to 40% — of the new minimum monthly wage for low-income households.
This economic hardship has a direct link to the grim reality of child malnutrition. According to the 2025 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan, an estimated 2.55 million children under five are projected to suffer from acute malnutrition, with one million of these cases being severe. This places Nigeria’s crisis on par with other severely affected nations. For comparison, UNICEF’s 2025 projections for Afghanistan show 3.5 million children suffering from wasting, while Somalia is projected to have 1.7 million acutely malnourished children. Nigeria is in between both!
When we look at stunting, UNICEF reports that 32% of Nigerian children under five are affected, a rate that highlights a failure to meet global nutrition targets. WHO projects that if current trends continue, there will be 127 million stunted children under five globally in 2025, underscoring the severity of Nigeria’s contribution to this global challenge.
The crisis is not the result of a single issue but rather a combination of interconnected problems.
In conflict-affected regions, farmer displacement remains a major driver of food scarcity. A July 2025 report from UNICEF detailed a deadly attack in Benue State that displaced over 3,000 residents and destroyed food storage. This is a recent example of the systemic insecurity that continues to disrupt food supply chains and put millions at risk.
Nigeria continues to struggle to meet its humanitarian funding needs. The humanitarian response plan for the Northeast requires over $910 million in 2025, with a significant portion allocated to nutrition. Despite a recent $1.08 billion loan from the World Bank in March 2025 for various programmes, including nutrition, the funding gap remains critical. A comparison with Yemen’s 2025 Humanitarian Response Plan shows its nutrition cluster is only 3.4% funded, a stark reminder of the global nature of these resource gaps.
The Naira’s volatility, debt, and foreign exchange shortages continue to inflate import prices and erode household purchasing power, pushing food inflation higher. While the overall inflation rate has eased, price hikes for staples persist. Recent market surveys in Lagos show that a 50kg bag of rice has surged, and a single egg now costs five times its 2023 price, illustrating the enduring pressure on household budgets.
These alarming figures point to a multi-faceted emergency with far-reaching consequences.
The high number of acute malnutrition cases is a symptom of both regional insecurity and systemic underinvestment in food and healthcare systems. Severe wasting in children can lead to lifelong physical and cognitive deficits, threatening to create a “lost generation” with limited prospects for a healthy, productive future.
Soaring food costs are a major threat to urban and rural families, increasing social unrest and deepening poverty. The displacement of farmers and food insecurity is destabilising rural economies, leading to a migration of people into already overstretched urban slums and putting immense pressure on aid systems.
Malnutrition makes millions more vulnerable to infectious diseases, impairs children’s performance at school, and lowers adult productivity. The widespread prevalence of stunting and wasting means that a large portion of the population will not have the opportunity to live healthy, fulfilling lives.
Nigeria is heading towards a more perilous future without swift and decisive action. The combination of global food price shocks, local insecurity, and a weak currency could push inflation even higher, forcing more families into a state of acute hunger.
The number of malnourished children could easily exceed 2.55 million if funding gaps are not closed, conflict persists, or the displacement of farmers continues. This is not just a statistical prediction; it is already happening in communities like Awe.
The struggle for survival will likely lead to an increase in school dropouts, child labour, and crime. Public health systems, already struggling, will be overwhelmed by a rise in diseases linked to malnutrition.
As one of Africa’s largest economies, even more instability in Nigeria will inevitably affect its neighbours. This could lead to a rise in refugee numbers and a more complex humanitarian response across the entire continent.
The time for action is now. Nigeria must make addressing this crisis a top priority. This involves significantly increasing funding for nutrition, tackling rural insecurity to allow farmers to return to their land, and stabilising the currency. Furthermore, expanding food assistance and conditional cash transfers to the most vulnerable groups is essential. The exclusion of places like Awe from critical aid programmes must be addressed to ensure that no community is left behind.
Nigeria’s food inflation and malnutrition crisis are warning signs. They are symptoms of deep-seated problems that require immediate and coordinated solutions. The article from Premium Times is a stark reminder that for millions of at-risk children in Nigeria, the next steps are a matter of life and death.
